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title: “Developing machine learning models with ‘mlapi’” author: “Dmitry Selivanov” date: “2022-04-24” output: rmarkdown::html_vignette: keep_md: true vignette: > %\VignetteIndexEntry{Developing machine learning models with ‘mlapi’} %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown} %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}

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mlapi

Idea of the mlapi package is to provide guideline on how to implement interfaces of the machine learning models in order to have unified consistent flow. API design is mainly borrowed from very successful python scikit-learn package. At the moment scope is limited to the following base classes:

1. mlapiEstimation/mlapiEstimationOnline - models which implements supervised learning - regression or classification
2. mlapiTransformation/mlapiTransformationOnline - models which learn transformations of the data. For example model can learn TF-IDF on some matrix and apply it to the other holdout matrix
3. mlapiDecomposition/mlapiDecompositionOnline - models which decompose input matrix into two matrices (usually low rank). A good example could be matrix factorization where input matrix $XX$ decomposed into 2 matrices $PP$ and $QQ$ so $X\approx PQX\; \backslash approx\; P\; Q$.

All the base classes above suggest developer to implement set of methods and expose set of members. Developer should provide realization of the class which inherits from a corresponding base class above.

There are several agreements which helps to maintain consistent workflow.

1. In opposite to the most of the R packages mlapi defines models to be mutable and internally implemented as R6 classes.
2. Model creation is a declarative process where all the model parameters should be passed to the constructor. Model creation is separate to model fitting: model = SomeModel$new(param_1 = 1, param_2 = 10).
3. Depending on the base class models should implement following methods for model training:
   • fit - mlapiEstimation
   • fit_transform - mlapiTransformation, mlapiDecomposition
   • partial_fit - mlapiEstimationOnline, mlapiTransformationOnline, mlapiDecompositionOnline
4. Depending on the base class models should implement following methods for model transformations/predictions:
   • predict - mlapiEstimation, mlapiEstimationOnline
   • transform - mlapiTransformation, mlapiTransformationOnline, mlapiDecomposition, mlapiDecompositionOnline
5. After mlapiDecomposition/mlapiDecompositionOnline model fitting field private$components_ should be initialized (mind undescore at the end!). It should contain matrix $QQ$ (as per $X\approx PQX\; \backslash approx\; P\; Q$).
6. All the methods above should work only with matrices - dense or sparse. Dense matrices usually are from base package and sparse matrices from Matrix package.

This allows us to create concise pipelines which easy to train and apply to new data (details in next section):

Example in pseudocode

Declare models

# transformer:
# scaler just divide each column by std_dev
scaler = Scaler$new()

# decomposition:
# fits truncated SVD: X = U * S * V 
# or rephrasing X = P * Q where P = U * sqrt(S); Q = sqrt(S) * V
# as a result trunc_svd$fit_transform(train) returns matrix P and learns matrix Q (stores inside model)
# when trunc_svd$transform(test) is called, model use matrix Q in order to find matrix P for `test` data
trunc_svd = SVD$new(rank = 16)

# estimator:
# fit L1/L2 regularized logistic regression
logreg = LogisticRegression(L1 = 0.1, L2 = 10)

Apply pipeline to the train data

train %>% 
  fit_transform(scaler) %>% 
  fit_transform(trunc_svd) %>% 
  fit(logreg)

Now all models are fitted.

Apply models to the new data

predictions = test %>% 
  transform(scaler) %>% 
  transform(trunc_svd) %>% 
  predict(logreg)

Estimator

SimpleLinearModel = R6::R6Class(
  classname = "mlapiSimpleLinearModel", 
  inherit = mlapi::mlapiEstimation, 
  public = list(
    initialize = function(tol = 1e-7) {
      private$tol = tol
      super$set_internal_matrix_formats(dense = "matrix", sparse = NULL)
    },
    fit = function(x, y, ...) {
      x = super$check_convert_input(x)
      stopifnot(is.vector(y))
      stopifnot(is.numeric(y))
      stopifnot(nrow(x) == length(y))
      
      private$n_features = ncol(x)
      private$coefficients = .lm.fit(x, y, tol = private$tol)[["coefficients"]]
    },
    predict = function(x) {
      stopifnot(ncol(x) == private$n_features)
      x %*% matrix(private$coefficients, ncol = 1)
    }
  ),
  private = list(
    tol = NULL,
    coefficients = NULL,
    n_features = NULL
  )
)

Usage

set.seed(1)
model = SimpleLinearModel$new()
x = matrix(sample(100 * 10, replace = TRUE), ncol = 10)
y = sample(c(0, 1), 100, replace = TRUE)
model$fit(as.data.frame(x), y)
res1 = model$predict(x)
# check pipe-compatible S3 interface
res2 = predict(x, model)
identical(res1, res2)

## [1] TRUE

Decomposition

TruncatedSVD = R6::R6Class(
  classname = "TruncatedSVD", 
  inherit = mlapi::mlapiDecomposition, 
  public = list(
    initialize = function(rank = 10) {
      private$rank = rank
      super$set_internal_matrix_formats(dense = "matrix", sparse = NULL)
    },
    fit_transform = function(x, ...) {
      x = super$check_convert_input(x)
      private$n_features = ncol(x)
      svd_fit = svd(x, nu = private$rank, nv = private$rank, ...)
      sing_values = svd_fit$d[seq_len(private$rank)]
      result = svd_fit$u %*% diag(x = sqrt(sing_values))
      private$components_ = t(svd_fit$v %*% diag(x = sqrt(sing_values)))
      rm(svd_fit)
      rownames(result) = rownames(x)
      colnames(private$components_) = colnames(x)
      private$fitted = TRUE
      invisible(result)
    },
    transform = function(x, ...) {
      if (private$fitted) {
        stopifnot(ncol(x) == ncol(private$components_))
        lhs = tcrossprod(private$components_)
        rhs = as.matrix(tcrossprod(private$components_, x))
        t(solve(lhs, rhs))
      }
      else
        stop("Fit the model first woth model$fit_transform()!")
    }
  ),
  private = list(
    rank = NULL, 
    n_features = NULL, 
    fitted = NULL
  )
)

Usage

set.seed(1)
model = TruncatedSVD$new(2)
x = matrix(sample(100 * 10, replace = TRUE), ncol = 10)
x_trunc = model$fit_transform(x)
dim(x_trunc)

## [1] 100   2

x_trunc_2 = model$transform(x)
sum(x_trunc_2 - x_trunc)

## [1] -9.428555e-12

# check pipe-compatible S3 interface
x_trunc_2_s3 = transform(x, model)
identical(x_trunc_2, x_trunc_2_s3)

## [1] TRUE